?????? ????????? ???????

百度开幕式上，中国浦东干部学院副院长王金定致欢迎辞，光明日报社副总编辑陆先高致辞。

??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????.

???????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? IPA ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????????.

???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????, ???????????, ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????, ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????. ???????????????? cot ??????? ??????????, caught ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????????? /?/ ??????? /??/ ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ?? ???? ????????? /r/ ??????? ??? ??? ????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????; ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? /r/ ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????.

???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? bad ??????? ?????????? lad ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ("a") ???????????????. ??? ??? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????? fir, fur, , fern ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????????.

?????? ?????????? IPA ?????????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???????????.

????????? ???????????

IPA	??????????????????	?????^[1]
???????????????
/b/	but ?³??⁵; web ??³??³	/ ??³ /
/d/	do ??⁶; odd ???⁶;(?????????? ???? ??? ???)	/ ??⁶ /
/e/	this ??³??⁷; breathe ??³????³; father ??²?³??	/ ??³ /
/d?/	gin ??³??; joy ??³??, edge ???³	/ ??³ /
/f/	fool ??²??, enough ????²; leaf ????²	/ ??² /
/ɡ/	go ??³; get ??³??⁵; beg ??³??³	/ ??³ /
/h/	ham, ahead	/ ?² / / ?? /
/j/	yes, hallelujah	/ ?? / / ?? /
/k/	cat, kill, skin, queen, thick	/ ?? /
/l/	left, bell	/ ?? /
/m/	man, ham	/ ?? /
/n/	no, tin	/ ?? / (???) / ?? /
/?/	ringer, sing, sink	/ ^???? /
/?ɡ/	finger	/ ^????³ /
/p/	pen, spin, tip	/ ?? /
/r/	run, very^[2]	/ ?? /
/s/	see, city, pass (???????? ??)	/ ??⁷ / / ?? /
/?/	she, sure, emotion, leash	/??⁵/ / ?? /
/t/	two, sting, bet (?????????? ??? ??? ?????)	/??⁵/
/t?/	chair, nature, teach	/ ^???? /
/v/	voice, have	/ ?? /
/w/	we	/ ??³ /
/?/	what^[3]
/z/	zoo, rose	/ ??⁷¹ /
/?/	pleasure, vision, beige^[4]	/ ^???? /
/θ/	thing, teeth	/ ?? /
????? ????
/x/	ugh, loch, Chanukah^[5]	/ ?³ /
/?/	uh-oh (/???o?/), Hawaii (/h??wa??i?/)^[6]	/?/
???? ?????????
/?/	intonation (/??nt??ne???n/)^[7]	/`/
/? /	intonation (/??nt??ne???n/)^[7]

IPA	??????????????????	?????^[8]
??????????????
/?/	bid, pit^[9]	/?/
/i?/	bead, peat^[9]	/?/
/i/	happy, city^[9]	/?²/
/?/	bed, pet	/?/
/?/	bad ^x??³??⁶; pat, ^x??¹??⁵	/^x?/
/ɑ?/	balm, father, pa	/?/
/?/	bod, pot, cot	/^?/
/??/	bawd, paw, caught	/ ?? /
/?/	good, foot, put	/?/
/u?/	booed, food	/?/
/?/	bud, butt	/?/
??????????????
/e?/	bay, hey, fate	/???/
/а?/	buy, high, ride, write	/???/, /?/
/a?/	bough, how, pout	/?/
/??/	boy, hoy	/'???/
/o?/	beau, hoe, poke^[10]	/?/
/ju?/	beauty, hue, pew, dew^[11]	/'??/
??? ??? ????? ????????^[12]
/?r/	mirror	/???/
/??r/	beer, mere	/???/
/?r/	berry, merry	/????/
/??r/	bear, mare, Mary	/????/
/?r/	barrow, marry	/'???/
/ɑr/	bar, mar	/???/
/?r/	moral, forage	/'???/
/?r/	born, for	/'???/
/??r/	boar, four, more	/'???/
/?r/	hurry, Murray	/'???/
/??r/	boor, moor	/'???/
/?r/	bird, myrrh, furry (alternatively /??/ ^[13])
????????? ????????
/?/	roses, business ^[14]	/+/
/?/	Rosa’s, above	/=?/
/?r/	runner, mercer (alternatively /?/ ^[13])	/=???/
/?l/	bottle	/ ???/
/?n/	button	/ ???/
/?m/	rhythm	/^{^}??/

Notes

↑ ??? ?????????????? ???????????????????. ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????
↑ Although the IPA symbol [r] represents a trill, /r/ is widely used instead of /?/ in broad transcriptions of English.
↑ /?/ is found in some dialects, such as Scottish and Southern American English; elsewhere people use /w/.
↑ A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either /?/ or /d?/.
↑ In most dialects, /x/ is replaced by /k/ in loch and by /h/ in Chanukah.
↑ Most people pronounce the English word Hawaii without the /?/ (glottal stop) that occurs in the Hawaiian word Hawai‘i.
↑ It is arguable that English does not distinguish primary from secondary stress, but it is conventional to notate them as here. Likewise, it is debatable whether a word like Glennallen is [gl??n?l?n] or [gl?n??l?n]; for clarity, the former is used.
↑ ??? ?????????????? ???????????????????. ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 American convention is to write /i/ when unstressed and preceding a vowel or word boundary, as in wiki /?w?ki/ and serious /?s?ri?s/; British convention used to be /?w?k?/ and /?s??r??s/, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to /i/.
↑ Commonly transcribed /??/ or /o?/.
↑ In many dialects, /ju?/ is pronounced the same as /u?/ after "tongue sounds" (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /θ/, and /l/), so that dew /dju?/ is pronounced the same as do /du?/.
↑ In many dialects, /r/ occurs only before vowels. Note that due to American influence, the schwas have been left out in many Wikipedia articles. That is, /??r/ etc. are not always distinguished from /?r/ etc. When they are, the long vowels may be transcribed /i?r/ etc. by analogy with vowels not followed by /r/.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 In some articles these are transcribed /??/ and /?/ when not followed by a vowel.
↑ Few British dictionaries distinguish this from /?/, though the OED now uses the pseudo-IPA symbol ??.

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陈兴良：刑法发展方向以《刑法修正案（九）》为视角

????????? ???????????

Notes

See also